Development of Membrane Assisted Isoform Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of rhEPO in Doping

Code: 05A01JC

The purpose of the project is to develop a rapid and easy-to-use erythropoietin (EPO) doping test, which can distinguish recombinant EPO and EPO analogues from the endogenous forms. The technology should also have the potential to reveal new varieties of EPO and its analogues. The aim of this 3-year research project is to provide the basis for the product development phase. The implementation of this test for EPO doping detection will most significantly reduce both hands-on time and total testing time. The easy-to-use set-up will make it possible to perform the testing in laboratories of different degrees of sophistication as well as in the field. This should make the testing more available and much cheaper. The proposed test-procedure is based on the fact that the EPO forms show characteristic differences in their glycosylation structures. The different isoforms are first separated by the use of a chromatographic step (anion- or affinity (lectin)chromatography), performed in certain zones with immobilized anti-EPO, which specifically captures EPO after the chromatographic separation. The EPO captured is then detected by reaction with carbon black labelled antiEPO. The amount of EPO is proportional to the intensity of blackness, as determined by an image scanner. The recently evaluated MAIIA I variety has been shown to efficiently distinguish endogenous EPO from recombinant EPO, although other varieties of the technology has to be evaluated in order to select the best fitted one.

Main Findings

A novel, rapid and easy-to-use method, EPO WGA MAIIA, for determination of aberrant EPO isoform subpopulations in urine or serum, has been tested for its use as an EPO doping control method. The method separates EPO subpopulations due to their different interactions with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The glycosylated structures on recombinant epoetins show stronger interaction with the lectin, probably due to their higher content of polylactose amine. The WGA-based separation of isoforms and the subsequent ultrasensitive EPO determination is rapidly carried out within a few square cm of a thin porous layer formed as a test strip, using an image scanner for quantification. The test takes only 20 min. to perform and is well suited both for determination of single samples and for large series. Before analysis with the EPO WGA MAIIA method, EPO is purified and concentrated from urine or plasma by use of a newly developed disposable EPO affinity purification device (www.maiiadiagnostics.com). With this easy-to-use sample preparation device EPO can rapidly be captured from large sample volumes and be eluted in a final volume of only 55 µL. The high EPO recovery of 65%, and the retained isoform distribution, makes the device a useful pre-step tool also for e.g. IEF, SDS-PAGE and LC/MS. The EPO WGA MAIIA method allows detection of recombinant EPO in urine specimens from patients up to about 7 days after the last injection (p<0.0001). Recombinant epoetin e.g. alpha, beta, omega, delta, zeta and four Chinese types (p<0.0001), and EPO analogues like Aranesp (p<0.0001) and Mircera can be distinguished from endogenous EPO isoforms. Mircera shows less interaction with WGA compared to endogenous EPO, while recombinant EPO:s show stronger and Aranesp shows the strongest interaction. Only 2 pg of EPO is required for isoform detection, which is about 1/10 of the amount of EPO required for the presently used IEF based doping method. When rhEPO beta and endogenous EPO appear in the same sample it is possible to detect rhEPO down to a level where it constitutes only 40% of total EPO. Besides measuring the interaction of the various types of EPO with WGA, it is possible in the same test strip to utilize also their interaction with the anti-EPO immobilized in the detection zone (see J. Immunol. Meth. 339 (2008) 236–244). By interpreting the antibody interaction profile, using the EPO AbQ MAIIA algorithm, it is possible to distinguish EPO and epoetins from EPO analogues like Aranesp and Mircera. The EPO WGA MAIIA test gives also an estimate of the EPO concentration in the eluate, enabling calculation of optimal application volume for the IEF or SDS-PAGE confirmation test. The recommended test set-up for doping control utilizes EPO WGA MAIIA for identification of epoetins and Aranesp, while Mircera preferably is identified by EPO AbQ MAIIA. The EPO WGA MAIIA test classifies all tested epoetin varieties and EPO analogues correctly, shows good resolution between endogenous EPO and epoetins, and can measure very low amounts of EPO. The quality controlled reagents will be supplied worldwide as a complete kit. The hands-on time is reduced compared to presently accredited tests, which significantly decreases the analysis cost. The excellent results and the easyto-use concept seem to fulfil the requirements for a screening EPO doping control test. Such a test makes it possible to considerable increase the number of EPO doping controls performed without increasing the total analysis cost.